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Hutcheon, Linda 
The Politics of Postmodernism 
1989, 2002, Linda Hutcheon, All Rights Reserved. 


Authourized Translation from the English language 
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.78 ^ jJL^all (20) 

.55 jJLt^ll (21) 

.55 t j0 t<*«ydj jJL^il (22) 

Roland Barthes, Roland Barthes by Roland j 1 58 ^y> t & \ j .i -^>l l (23) 

Barthes , Translated by Richard Howard, 1st American Ed. (New York: Hill and 
Wang, 1977). 


17 




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Hutcheon, Ibid., p. 58. 


(24) 

.70 {J » i*-J6 jj_all (25) 
.71 L A ... o\ j . ( . /all (26) 


18 



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ir* *-~ty. ^ sjjLJI s ^ iLJl 


Lionel Gossman, «History and Literature: j .84 ^ 4 < LJ jj oil (27) 

Reproduction or Significance^ in: Robert H. Canary and Henry Kozicki, eds., 
The Writing of History: Literary Form and Historical Understanding (Madison, 
Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978). 

Hutcheon, Ibid., p. 91. , (2«) 


.94 ^ 4 kJu jJUall (29) 

Sherrie Levine, «Five Comments,» in: Brian j <. 94 ^ l a ^ i \ j .\ „t i ( 30 ) 

Wallis, ed., Blasted Allegories: An Anthology of Writings by Contemporary Artists 

(New York: New Museum of Contemporary Art; Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press, 
1987 ). 


19 



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Hutcheon, Ibid., p. 58. 


(24) 

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.71 y 44 — J& jX^ail (26) 


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Lionel Gossman, «History and Literature: j <. 84 ^ t * - i 1 jj_^ll (27) 
Reproduction or Significance,» in: Robert H. Canary and Henry Kozicki, eds., 
The Writing of History: Literary Form and Historical Understanding (Madison, 
Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978). 

Hutcheon, Ibid., p. 91. ' (28) 

.94 'j* t<«i; jJUail (29) 

Sherrie Levine, «Five Comments,» in: Brian j t 94 ^ t jj_^ail (30) 
Wallis, ed., Blasted Allegories: An Anthology of Writings by Contemporary Artists 
(New York: New Museum of Contemporary Art; Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press, 
1987). 


19 



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Hutcheon, Ibid., p. 96. 


(31) 


20 



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.10 L ^a jJU<all (33) 

Kenneth Baynes, James Bohman and Thomas McCarthy, eds., After (34) 
Philosophy: End or Transformation? (Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press, 1987), p. 73. 

.79 { j^ jJUaII (35) 


21 



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Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on (36) 
Knowledge , Translated by Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi, Foreword by 
Fredric Jameson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), p. 75. 

Baynes, Bohman and McCarthy, Ibid., p. 81. (37) 


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Louis Althusser, For Marx, Translated by Ben Brewster (New York: (39) 
Pantheon, 1969), p. 234. 

Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays , Translated by (40) 
Ben Brewster (London: New Left Books, 1971), p. 160. 


24 



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Michael Foucault, Power j Knowledge: Selected Interviews and other (45) 
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^QaJl cLllS ^j^Lxl ^lp ^ jJlXd 1 4^j Jj>xJl *Li^*Jl <0^>*Jl 

.flfcJl dJUi J^iil il tJ^AJL ^UJI 

jL-JI ^ O^UJI 4 iS>t !>i vi^Ul 

t_»>*JiJl il jjl) (. ( jKJjjisi\ ^ I»_«jLJ|) 


.115-114 4 *~Z, jxA\ (3) 
.117 4<u Ju jJUoll (4) 


38 



cJtf I tjjAJl y iVl ^ joJI AS ^ 

** •* 

Lu. Jlp Jl 5>- ^1 iJLSJl S^jJLiJl oU^j^JI ^jLil 

loJLje 4 (Authorization) dJJS £jAl? -SJb-jJl 

4 j-ft IJLa ^jJI jli t IjLmuI o 


{Jr^ 

**■ 

i ^>1 jJl ^J-s^jiJIj aJ \ d)l jJL jULo L)jlaj 

U -^-9 4 aJ jjJlj ^Lsazj Qj£j (jL ^Jsju ^JUl 

aJI ^*-JJl L >- ^ jA jS *&aj .<_£ j^SJl £jo 5 

^SUj I4J \zSj L oljj-^aJ ^1 p 

** * 

(ojlslji ji^ui ^u^i.juuJi oUi ^1 tjs i-Vi ^ tUSj 

«• «* 1* 

^1 aJ^-UI pJLtf- ! {jJ* LdJjj^a ^$JL>e-aJl jj^Lt 

*■1 

Ol$*>L*Jl jJfc ^mLoJI ^<kJL>s-^Jl (1)1 .^JLoJl ^<kJL>s-<Jl ^JLpJ 

olwjj tUUJ dJLIS J!>U- ^SI^Jl .Jui ij^Vlj a^L^SVI 
(.5^ t ^1 j^Jlll /*Ualll 1(1) jJl I^JUj 

»* ** 1 ** It 4* Vhr 

US^Li ijL^Vl ^ aJjjJI c/¥l Sj i-LJl J J*i\ll 

olx* U-fJj t JlioJl ^Js- tUUJl ^ (BMW)j (Siemens) 

*• 

!wlj iJjjJlj tSJjjJJ l-JI^ OUiJb- V tjU*Jl ^J\ll 
ol j_jLUj t4_>«JL^^l oLpLi_s^? j 4 Ja-ijJI oL 5 *j_Jjj 

OtaX^^b^wQtJ ! A.) ^l^L^miJI ^ >l** u 4 a_*j 9 c^L)Lji 9 

♦* ^1/ # Hi* !„/ #/ 4 4 ^ 

^JL« V] I (_)l L»j .^k^nj <—> j^~ l jj> <. <*£ j^woVl 

•dUi JLp iJb-lj 

0 (1)1 4 j->- 1 IJLij iXdjJt IdA 4.4^s2bJ 

jS/ t jjJ.ljl-^Sll i 5 *AP H_jLP ^yLp L4JI JJwI^.1 


.119 t <u*aj j^Uoll (5) 


39 



4 J y6 j-p j^UaJI j^>VI 

♦* -** 

^Ul U5 t JUJl ol5 lil ^ .U-J^ 4~w»L~Jl 

^lll 4-^>-L^aJl C->! j-feUkoJtj l?L «/J *Jl 4 (1)1* La 

J jJLJ Jjb Ljjjl jIjlLj a-jS’^oMI o J-> w>Jl oLVjJl jj-a lg-> 

?A: r ,^P jl OsJli- *J 4(jlJ^Jl ^ ila— »l y I yl ^yl 

\ ** « »• 


^pUi^I jla*JI J J-Ldl . I 

V a* 

p. 

^ ^i5 . ^ J ji j_aj 4 (Thomas Hobbes) J-jj_a 
♦* 

J (Representation) « o j-SLU a-**^ JlijJl 

Jii jlS' yyfe j! . (Leviathan) ajIiS" ya jyoLJl Ju^aiJ! 

(77*e Elements of : Lj» j ^bSCJl lJu JJ i^L*Jl Crrt^ 

^ •* 

^j-Ju (.1651 ^J> *-Jo ^JJI ( De Cive)j (.(1650) Law) 

W 

*^1 jJ <■ {Leviathan) <lJ ^JlII j»UJI 

^ J 


((^y^JD) j}-a; jlkJ ((J^iJl)) S ^.Jjk JJl>u" Lot 

^ l^rr-L! jj-Lj <jl -b«-J (.(Person) 

*♦ 

ya j_a (Representative) 01 4 (Artificial) 


jij* djjj LJUx-i'ifl LjJdJl *-&>-j5\ <y> 

** 

LajjJL; a-JLSJI dJlaj 4 (Persona) y* (Person) ya^Ji iJLS^J 

** 


( 6 ) 


w 

AjLJj U y 4 A>- ^JlS^ 4 A*a li 




Howard Warrender, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes, His Theory of (6) 
Obligation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957), p. 147. 


40 



(Leviathan) ^ JiLJl { yL 

¥f ** ' •* 

^-°jj L® j j-hj e£^ 

(Commonwealth) jl JLL>» : ^LxJl jj>^iJI «JuJL«jl1I» 

*• 

p 

t ^1 j3^l Jjjj LowLLP 

p & & f 

* • • (j-*" j' (*-$-^* l-^lj ^ j-* lj^Jw^_> jl 






p 

^ LiJ I jJtSLxJ jJl -jlj-dV I ^ J) ^ ** ? " jj. 

^ * 

ol_j L^aiwi IjjUtf yJ^Jl |» i « < >:> « 

Jj (*liJl £LAj) ylL-JI ij^-j ^ I ijj»j V oJlp- jJl «JLa y J^aaJI 
y. ^j^w. jVWlj by Oisl *1^ t^UJl jl !l oJj-j ^1 

. <8 W|j alji^l 

J**j .iljJiJl J ^ oy ojSy iJL* Jil 

♦* *+ 

<jLUa^&Jl j_>- ^1 4-vajL5-« 6 JJL*Jl LgjJ-J* 

0 ^JLJl (^ ^sJl <)U) <!U ^*1 CJ15 ^Jl 

t 4 j*JLjj .CjUaJL*Jl JlS" oJL> ^3 ^®L>eJl J} 1 la o ll ^UJl ^ g 1 

p 

4j| toJL>-j c oL>*)l «/3 ll J^l la o. )l j^Lp-JI IJLa Jjjjfc ^ 

$ 1 **1 


(9) 


p 

t ^-wwLwmJI Jujiodl <JLmw® ^3 jjj-A jiaj 4^j>- jJ I Jla *X*j 

j*-S^>Jli tlj^J £j-Jl j-* crrf 


Thomas Hobbes, The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury , (7) 
Edited by Sir William Molesworth (London: J. Bohn, 1839-1845), pp. 159-160 

.151 t<u*di j^LmoII (8) 
.210-207 j 159-158 ^ ^ jJudt (9) 


41 



cJ jJLj I j-A (Jj^J (jl ^ (jJLjfl-^Jl 

4* 

Si I aa j £> Jl o j5o N cJ j jJaJl oJla ! ^yL L« (Garner) 

<* 

^yi (O-Sj-oJl J-S_p) ( ' I wXjlJ^b/ I ) ( jJkjjJtli\ 0 jL-P (jV 

. (10) ((ij ! jbi4 5jU tJLuJl flkJl 


p 

jJLxjj <u V t oJlJL» j**£* olL l..* ji j»^L>»JI 

^JL yj*j .iiJLkJl I iJU SJU ^ jt IJJ t jb4 

4* 

oj f L.l VI J jj . ^ j-fri ^VL-JI ( _ r — --LJ jl5 ^UJl oi 

(u) , 

o^>- J 


(Hanna J\ SjLiVl 1 >SUj J-L^jJI {\y\ J>\ 

. {The Concept of Representation) JyjiuJI f^jla L^bS* ^ Pitkin) 
o jialll H JuluJl ^jA ^o_^vu IJla 

o^kJl dJUu iLAJ ojj-saj l*t ^yJl ^Authorization View» 

•* 

jl dLb jJa (frbJl js^Sij) i g - * ^yXil 

** 

La {ja j* i>Li <J-«-*-"-! 

^yi-P S jJajJl o*L& J-v5" ^j-SsJ . 4_L) jj>tj OJl5 L^P 43 jJL>- 

^lAj) (frbJl J^ww^j) LgJLwlSwi Ai^bJl 4ojy& 

. < ~ l2) *Zj J ^l\ i jkJl* 5 _^kJl oJla ul j5o olj Jis (frUJl 

#4 

ojj-^ (Max Weber) ji J y£ j 

•* 

JJ U l3l ^*A>sj L#JUp t LgJ^Lcwl JL?-15 j£] t Aj ^j J ^ ll o ^JaJl ^yj| 


James Wilford Gamer, Political Science and Government (New York: (10) 
[n. pb], 1928), p. 642. 

Hobbes, Ibid., p. 322. (11) 

Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley: (12) 
University of California Press, 1972), p. 39. 


42 




<*y^*-* fl** LfcJ L f}\ ojj^u <j\ 44J jl> 

ciU^ ^*X*j 4pL«*>«JI 4 *JL> tl)l jl 4 L^UAj ^]f 4pL>J>- il jil 

. (13) lgJ #jL* Ail j (Legitimate) UjjJL* 

OulS" L*-^-a t(^ljL!l l )1 j-A 4 Lxa t jj*y>~ 

JyJ JL*pL fUJl J J- JLS t ^JLIawo L^Ja-^1 j_> IjjUtf jJl iLjJflJl 

U* i/® ^ i_s^' tlf! 

■°V 


‘ gJL^JP frj | ^J^wLftw^Jl® A.. rf> II, m, * l _4 0 ^ 5 -i— > j l_J ^ ^-1 


__l>vJl o_^j jl ^ys^'Jj (_$JJl J~uJl yfc j t (Descriptive) 
.I4I5 o’Vl ~oj J^a AjLJL" <l~»y <=-Uipt y iily 


1 j-JL>mJI ol J jL (^JUI t (John Adams) yol u J-fr AAAAAAAJ ^ 

10 P ^ 

*wP a1? y. s^o 0 JK*£LA ljy0 Oj& (1)1 J.P LLJUw (1) Jo J JjJl 
JL* I JLwOJ Ij j- J lJLjJ Ijj-^JlJ (1)1 4jl .,<0 p| ( J«P J 4 4^ (w*-«-JLJ1 
J5*i J^J 1 Oj£a (1)1 -Jj (_£ JJl J^JUJl (1)1 . 

.4 +A*p Jl 0 JlJI oJl& jLo c^lJa^o jj . ss~>* 1 1 ^>Jl 


Jl Sj u>l ^ 1 V , JUJI gljt ^ UJi U Jl 4 iU>U 

L$J15 JVl 0 Jo JLp (1)15 fjSi\ (Edmund Burke) iJ ^ 


oUJI I J JL . 4 -^ 0 J oJl 5 4 J Jala 4 (LJlIajjj) 

4 Aj^Ljwjj 4aJL>c* 4_-JjLL« *1 jJt** (^^jJjJl 


.39 jJL^il (13) 

Karl Loewenstein, Political Power and j 4 43 ^ 4 4 — - — 4 — J j J — *oit (14) 
Governmental Process (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), p. 38. 
John Adams, «Works: Letter to John Prenn ,» j 4 60 y> 44 — aJ jju^ll (15) 
IV, Boston, pp. 195 and 205. 


43 



(Xr^ ' jl Jj>-\j J5 Jls- 

4^t-LsA-o oli o.L>-l J j-^-dlU ^**-L>e-0 LJI 4 1 Jbo 

^-0 j-*J>cJJ oLiJl U <L^>- 4 ^Jl^Jl 4->eJLv2-« 4 0 Ju>“l J 

** * 4* 

. «U>«Jl A fb U -l*]| JiJ! 

0 

! (J OwLo ^3 LtL>^ o j_Ji>LwO i 

Oj&i ^jj oLI j*5\jUol Jl^J 4^*5^ 4 ( ( jJL>C^JLl) Ij^dP j j*5ol 

. ®oL«J jJl j-sap Ju 4 — jU 

4 lgj5 io^U Jj 4 ^lji*)U OjJalll oJjb ^3 4 N tl)l <.^J?\j 

oLV ^Jl ^ O^JUl 5 >jJ1 ^ oJla ^ Uiku 

** ** 

& p p 

.L ay*& ijjjJI LjjjI (J Ji J 4~S — «*if I aJ>«i*JI 

ol>\fl £»L,j alyVl J-u; Jj» iJl^-JUl s>JI JjUsH 

<cLLl$' ^ ^JLjl (James Madison) Oj-^-oLa jl 

«* 4* 

V-r^' j' {Federalist Papers) iJl jJLjUI 

ixiJl j -^1 jibAJ oiJUcuJl ^JLuJl JumUJ c5 Jlp 4jl1sI j_^ 

oIp iiUlp j-<Jl t>® 3 Jlp l$jL (Faction) 

p i-^ p 

4_*^? jL*JL« ^1 j|_tf ^ jJLsIwO OtJJj-* jl 

A>JL^<Jl 

^Lsau (Filter) o 1 6 Lj 1 o^wj^U> 

OjjJJoj (*lill <ul*Jl j)a^i\ oLp-j 


( 17 ) 


Edmund Burke: «Speech to the Electors, » in: j t 171 ^ icJ J jJU^il (16) 
Burke’s Politics; Selected Writings and Speeches on Reform , Revolution and War, 
Edited by Ross J. S. Hoffman and Paul Levack (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1949), 

p. 116. 

James Madison, «The Federalist no. 10,» Journal of Politics (November (17) 

1787), p. 42. 


44 



• ib! jj *Jjy>- olUJ UlL? Lgj 

jSIj t aJL^aj c dUS £o 

^£jJl ^UJl Oj_^Jl Oji\j jl J-s^2->cj oil : iJUl UjHJ\ Uj-^j^Lo 
t>° £° UU^Jl ^iSl l J^j» jwUaj 

. «L*a>*. ulS ISI <uli 

* . 

JJ^ J-«-M *Ai 1 ^ t^£J» 

cifcj 9 j-^ 4#^jj-iJl JaJaiJlj t ilbhuJl sljjkVlj 4<UjX«Jl oLpJ_J| 

t-)LU*iVL jjil J^ ^ i— ~JL«I 4 la .■>! jj jl ^> 1 a.1 1 j o^l^Jl 

• ^ » .« tj l 4jL^- *j 

>JI u! !lo- o> ill Jl Jp** M jIUJI jl dUi J*, 

j-$-® o J-A J-^J jj_^*j^La o-^ijL (jJLII 

Aj^jjJl ^JLwoJl (jl 4 J jJU -.■*-_« 9 l. a , . ‘C 

. <20) ! jl Ji-Vl ^ 5JU l*jloU* 

(j-Ui J iJjjJi i-«J »j o! ^ tjjiii L*s>y6- 

** +* 

l a *M J I g aj>7 jJ OiLp-lj 

IS jS^ ^ jxi\ fj\ 

(2i) " 

Oj^*-oU ^u^-wo 

jL5 Jo-\ A j\ C-JIS SI: 

.45 ( j/9 <,4 ~Jl> jX^all (18) 

James Madison, «The Federalist no. 63», Journal of Politics (March (19) 

1788), p. 324. 

Beer Samuel H. «The Representation of Interests, » American Political (20) 
Sconce Review, LI (September 1957), p. 629. 

Sheldon S. Wolin, Politics and Vision; Continuity and Innovation in (21) 
Western Political Thought (Boston: Little Brown, 1960), p. 389. 


45 



4i\Sj\ 5 J&j dVl JI>JI .yLp ^UJl O jii I 

.luLl ^ i_J\ 

m 

<. iJl^JUl iiJLaJl J tpLJl Ll- J!>. V i>Jl jl i 

4* 

j ^Jl^JUl 3 I JJLi ^il j}\ ^ Lat .oil jil Vl L«j 

(Lobby ^ - ^ oL^jpaj 

^ Uj— j^Lo ul5 ^1 o^iJl j^l>-\ Groups) 

^ •* 

<LoLsA*3i *)ll l - - — 1 -laJcs^aJl <jl 4 ^>*Jl^ 

<L«L*JI <L>*JLs<a_gJl Ia\ ^Jb.« J l l *jji dUS j-*-pj < a « ^ j 

.oL^xaJI dUj ^Ijj ^ L>jI3 ^^3 4 

4 IfrJLij tOLU^J^i ^jS '$«;»! <woJj la n */3 l l 

4* 

j jL*^ 4 -j i g -* 1 (_£JUl) (jLaJl 4Ja—.*lj-) c 

r *4 

• 0«*l *)/ I 3Ap 4 3kXxJl Ala.^l^jj t (^— 

•* 

<1)1 (Jj-SJl ttaiUjJ 4 0->lj-^Vl S'Xfrj (jLgJl <jl 

^3 o y*L> j*-^L>Jl 4 oJl 3wi_*_Sl 

JUl (1)1 I jJ& LjIjJ*- * JjL* • aJIj-^-UI AJalji^jjJl 

oLNjJI 5L3- ^ 3jj-^ ^iU: 

4* 

<_^d ^ i_s* j'-Ai ,y !4»«iJl 

*4 4* •* 

I v- 1 ^ 1 o^UJl ^Jb-1 tf^LS JUJ1 dJUd 
c~~J ^UL (jJLjl ^LJI) j^Lp ti*U jU 

^1 jj| ^Cs^j>- 3 yrj ( w-wwso 4 0 JjLxj* 2i^j> Jj 4 LjjLo 43^-P 

c L >l! *3LLqJ1j 4^JL>t^Jl 4-Jj>sJl i3ll^3 1 4j a ««*jJl 


JL^ll 


( 22 ), 


jj 


Warren E. Miller and Donald E. Stokes, «Constituency Influence in (22) 
Congress, » American Political Science Review, vol. 57, no. 1 (March 1963), p. 55. 


46 



i jXi\ : L.U J OlJiUl dJUb J ^LJI JJUiJl JU- y» 

•* •* +* 

! I *>Uaj L«jb <. *L#L*il a^cJLs£^JI ajL^^s^ 

Jjai^l ^LJI JuJUiil .II 

•» «* 

(The Aesthetical Political Representation) 

(jL^Jl aJJ) aJ-^I S jkJl ^ v-L-Jl 

Ui ol .GLi^Ulj -LpI^-VI jsltoJl oJ) ioJI ji\ s jkJl j 

Ji (Friedrich Schiller) ^JiLd dLjJbji jlS t *>L_p dlls' ^S-T 

. 4_^j L ~ U ^,4.1aT..> jjJiuJl jJbj tAPlJCol JjU- 

♦* 

4 Uajl&l aAUAJU £%s>\ iij\j+A cJlS Jl 4 jJJlJ, aJ jU~. 

I*_pj cJ-LaJL o*L (j - 4 U : la:^V I ojLjlpI La jj>- 

(ojjjJl aJj^) A^LujJl aJj<A ]1 ! ^y» jj\ Aj^C ^j+j 

JjJLII <Jjj) ^4jal^»>l iljjJlj iJjj) A^L^I aJ jjJl j 

L^S* c >i aJ^ ji j ojis aSU^i iL>j .(Ju^Ji 

** «t 

V'IS UailSJl J-^Vl jjUi j 

p p 

jp- ^iLe ^Sl tLlU »3 ^ t(Ankersmit) 

dr 4 (*-U^ 4 /* Jd^xJl 

^ UOiP ^ r LLd ^1 j^i tAj^ ^1 aJIjUIj 

*• 

Sfjb j {Aesthetic Politics) SJiJa ■wwl V I <U»L )l ! AjLxS” 

. ( 24 ) A^LJI AiJuU ftUJ jJUamj dL/S' ^ 

aIaa^Ijj ^ I Lg_>- 4_^L~Jl j La. V I aJ*)L*J 1 Lol 

t (Representation) Ju^wJl o^So UjJUa* aUU^ UI^j 


(23), 


F. R, Ankersmit, Aesthetic Politics: Political Philosophy Beyond Fact (23) 
and Value (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), p. 22. 

.22 t j. i ./? ll (24) 


47 


,«j| jJJ JUpVl JJUJ 4 Laj JJuJ 

2JL~« jA ' $ ■ • ••■' iJjjJl J-Jl^J (jl ojUspI ^ (Guizot) 
l*li* tUUj *. $ h<w ^JJI j-ft JJ jjjoiJl j (Taste) JjJlJI 

^ A $ ’ J J ) JJ***" t (Jl>eJl 


c/ c/ ‘ci>' ^ U^Lu: ^ 

Jj t ^fyjsyi J-L^-l -^rji M ^ U5 i^.L-Jl 

JJ jliJl ^ a-Uij ^ ja CJjSC (^JJt 

. (25) ^l J^J! Jl ^JiUl jl <*UI jci) oJLJI 

* *• ^ ® •» 

o j_5o (J j->- (J JL>«Jl l)I JLw<j ^_3 4_)j ^jL5 j_Sn_)I t— & « *,a u 

#* 

4j jJaJo ^mu t ObLstf jL*JL« jJflj ^ j ^ ^ 1 ® 

** 

jl t •«■*' ! J_1«J jl L^j ,_^j«jj t (Mimetic Theory) JlJLJLJI 
iJlfJ ^JLpVl ^JJLaJLs t aJLU-oj La 4_2jQa-oJl l— > jLij 

(pUlII ^JLd->) L)t 

. o J_>-l j Ajj-ft ^ Ip (frlill O^LUm»J1j 


AjjJflj 1 4 jJLiJl 4j jiflJ ^9 A^jlxuJl ^ ^>*Vl 4j jt a« l l 


L.I 


jJlLwJl (j jii\ iN t JjUi t (Aesthetic Theory) A^iJax^Vl 

p p. st 

*)[ La-? 4 4_J_>tj ( j^AJ jJ*\ l L^JwO aJL> 1 la A !l 'L-P (^1 (. ^-ILa-aJIj 

^ Cr^ <j£*-z 

•* •♦ 

. ^ C AjLijJl 4 U-A t I ^ j^-\ .Ajli 


.23 j-Uall (25) 

Jean- Jacques Rousseau, Du Contrat social (Paris: [s.n.], 1762), p. 302, (26) 

ail j| jj* * Jj-Aj t J~*JJ tii 

.j^-l Ll«i 0^ V j 1 3^ ^ L*^ L“l * 

^ ‘^! cr^ AamII e-^A^p 1 4-iijr I^j^So ol Ij—*J (w-ArftJl ^JijT 0|3 tlUjJ 

9ilj| 3^ -J* 31^1 


48 



4-«JajVl 01 j^Aj tA-lJLoVl u-Jj-s^ ^j-Lpj 

•* 

Ott*" ls* 1 4 ; ; tf : l a:^ ^l Aj^laJl ^y y° ^ _ ^>*^1 j*JUJl 

.jdidl ^ ^ JA 01S ^jUl.^lkJl 01 

0L? (^JlJI (Carl Schmitt) c~-<>~^ Jjl5 
•* 

01 <J .AjLdl Aj^iaj ^j-P- I A-oJ 1 LjL Oj>-^JjjAjI 

<~j\sS j-y-^ ^Okjj-Jl o j_^L_iOl ^LJl 00£ c. 




j*5L>Jl j ^pLj^-^ 1 A_L*Jl ^ 4 jl » jJaJ £yj> <lJ <jaJ1 (Leviathan) 
. (27) u^ JilkJl 5 ykltj ttlk. ipli* j~J»l >J1 J jlkJl 

00 ^Lajl^I Jl jijjJl il»0® <01 

^ J-AJJ C-^IS Jljbdl Aj j-0j 01 Jp^Jl il t Aj jL) 4j jiaj JlJLdl A-> j-0j 

A^Ukjj a^O-^OOSO! (Natural Law) ^s^lall 0 ^JLSJl ^^JLp 

•* 

^juJI ^^JaJl A^Uil y* JJbJl ‘tA'-jA 1 <AHti ii-JLi 

«* . ** 

.<Ul^ ^1 JlJl«i!I L ^1 iilkJl L«j ,4jL_j|j otL^l t j^3l 

#*■ 

t&Uj ^ tJLiiJl jl tjyll j5Uj idUS Jlp 

0 

v'jj ^1 ^ ol (4-j^Jlj i-SI ^Vl) 5 jJljUjJI oL^j^JI ^ 

*t ** 

S* 

. (Neo-Stoicism) ZsJ&^io 


■LJI 01 ^0 j-*-> L» AJwP AjJJli j g la 7 4_*Jl jL 


* 

w*w< 


Lj j_j-L>cJ 


^ p <*• 

A Jj la 1 It ^jS' C LL>4 ^LL*j^ 0 yJLi i ^j-^*_$1 A_*Jl ^j-A jjt CU^W j-5ol 

V ^iJi ^ ^ . (28 ) jlJI£J| LjkJ Lj>jUJ\ 4.a>:.«yi 

c_it)0J>“1 Aj>“ j_> L$JL>- Nt 0^-^0 'V 0 ^ c a_aLs^ aJjuJI Aj^jaj 

i) jjJl y> j oX^s- iLLkJl j . <29) ii)Uaji l _ r J j (Difference) 


Ankersmit, Ibid., pp. 45-51 and 190. 


,29 ( j& t<«Aj jJU^all (27) 

(28) 

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49 



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** ♦* 

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59 




i~s\ 6 1 A Y\ 


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t <u V dJUS t (7?e- Presenting Postmodernism) idlJbdl JajU 

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** 

(77ie Comedian Postmodern: j w History, Theory , Fiction) (1988) 


. /I Study of Contemporary English-Canadian Fiction) (1988) 
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61 





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: jSs li 


62 



(Texts) , (Signature: A Journal of Theory and Candia 
Literature) , (Style) (special issue editor: Mieke Bal), ( Canadian 
Review of Comparative Literature) (special issue editor: Alain 
Goldschliger), ( Quarterly Review of Film and Video) (ed. Ronald 
Gattesman), (Bulletin of The Humanities Institute at Stony 
Brook) (ed.E. Ann Kaplan), (Postmodernism) (ed. Hans Bertens, 
London: Macmillan), (Intertexuality) (ed. Heinrich F. Plett, 
Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter). 

** ' . 

toJLiUlj AiJjJl Jlsaaj <. (3^ 

SUNY- Stony Brook (E. Ann Kaplan, University of 
Western Ontario (Martin Kreiswirth), Queen’s University (Clive 
Thomson), Toronto Semiotic Circle (Ian Lancashire), Victoria 
College (Barbara Hovercraft) and University College (Hans de 
Groot, University of Toronto, International Summer Institute 
for Semiotic and Structural Studies (Paul Bouissac) McMaster 
University (Nina Kolisnikoff), American Comparative Literature 
Association (Daniel Javitch). 


63 




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1+sJUO.J I j\j <4) jL-JI oj>T 4Lj* . ^jljJI 


Heiner Muller, « Reflections on Post-modernism^ New German Critique, (1) 
vol. 16(1979), p + 58. 

Charles Newman, The Post-Modern Aura : The Act of Fiction in an Age (2) 
of Inflation , With a Preface by Gerald Graff (Evanston: Northwestern University 
Press, 1985), and Hilton Kramer, «Fostmodern: Art and Culture in the 1980s» 
New Criterion , vol. 1, no. 1 (1982), pp. 36-42, 

Terry Eagleton, ^Capitalism, Modernism and Postmodernistn,» New (3) 

Left Review, vol. 152 (1985), pp, 60-73; Fredric Jameson: ^Postmodernism and 
Consumer Society ,» in: Hal Foster, ed.. The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern 
Culture (Port Townsend: Bay Press, 1983), pp. 111-125, and ^Postmodernism, or, 
the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism,^ Left Review t voL 146 (1984), pp. 53- 
92, 

Charles Russell, Poets, Prophets „ and Revolutionaries: The Literary (4) 
Avant-garde from Rimbaud through Postmodernism (New York; Oxford: Oxford 
University Press, 1985), and David Caute, The Illusion (New York: Harper and 
Row, 1972). 


67 



oUlxiJl IS Ujwo l fUM jJ ulj a^LaJI 

.a^UJI v-LJ! jj JJa*J dJJS Uj tl^ULi^l 


p. 

oi_$J (j— -J jJl j jSJ y! O eJLA jl yj 

** 5^ r 

yL£Jl 11* .ly- >0 V 4^i- JSLtJ 

^yl j-P ^1JI.J jJaJw«Jl o ^ p.Xj LoJ Lfji gX-P a^jL^II 

** 

(Roland j ^ ^ I j *xij • ■i 

jj- ' ^j\Ju 4j V 4 cJL>wo L ^JILj ^ Barthes) 

(6) « i.ls-11 Uaj^ ilL* i-LJl Lu 4i~>-» :Jlij 4SISW1I JL^l 


Liy 4 -£Ul ylll j y-LJl J^lJi^Jl -L*->L> y j_jj y t 4 La j 

<5T ** *• 

Jsl^dl JlSLil jl UaUi yll LKI ^1 K^JI JL> s >UI oL>, 
y 1 ' y im Jlj ^aJlj lf^ LoSl - UK laUiJl 

yj 4yL-Sn vr^JyLj! y 4yyU^»Jl y jl ^UJl 

'j ^ *» ** 1 ** ** 


<LpLjx>-'yi ej^A-Sllj olitUI y yL»-*JMl yiU*ij jl y y«^l 


( 7 ). 


4mw>>LaamJ| 4 

•* *• 


y JtiLJl .1*^11 ^ yjU;! 11* ^y y y! *Jyt d, 

yf 

j*s> j^jIjip^JI jl*jL« (jl ^}i u5^l ys^L*-<Jl dJcJl 
yiu^' »il_p«^-'j <~~srj < -^r^ J* ^ i/ islyj^l y 

(j jiylJO 5 JlU* 2 Jl aJL* 0^^>“j-oJl JJ-s^Jl L ^ip 

(jl ,4*J| >tSjj ti _^l (jj) o ^ j^-1*aJI il^>w-A»Vl j^LsA^J 

VkMHP t* 

jylJL>Jl JbuLo J jl^d> ^^xJl t^^ljjJl oj-fe aJI 


Victor Burgin, Between (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), p. 85. (5) 

Roland Barthes, Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes , Translated by (6) 
Richard Howard, 1st American Ed. (New York: Hill and Wang, 1977), p. 154. 
Burgin, Ibid., p. 55. (7) 


68 



4 A ^ LJl A^^^Jl AS^oJl lAA ^Jjla (1)1 (1)L**J ^A 4 A^a^L***^ 

4A*5IJL>*JI JbuLJ ^y^ljJl * y& ^ a> JL?-Vl f . |«<^&MiWk4 Jl u-J 

t* ** ^ 

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** ** 

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•t ** ** 

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JajL^JI cLLLoj V ^1^^“ .^>“L*Jl ^l*LSl La jSjC 

•* t* t* ^ w 

L^j^® t Jw<j*^Jl ^3 (Jj^-jJl ^jA j j ! &~<±j ^ULs o jJ Ajjiaj 

*• *• 

c^i ^ ^ eS^l Lf^L^l Jjy*j LlSI % *s> 

0 LJLu ,All tt .»Jg ^j^a jA L« Jb^>tXj JLalU JtgJLa 

** 

Oj^?» j! >»L*Jl ^I^Jl ^ju ^Jl t(D6xa) «L*Sj.i» ^ ioUJl OjU 

• ** ** ♦* 

im j-*- a ^ j->*j {j^ a!jIJj>*JI JbwLo 0^3 ((Ocs-JaJl 

t^^LwJl L^J y^JiA j ilJLl«jJl Ul^Lil «De-Doxify» 

** ** 

.^JcaJl dJUi ^jja AjI 

f (, 

JL*jU ^.jju aJI (^5 ji (Umberto Eco) ^£j1 yj^>\ L)L5 J \ij 

4j^L>- 1 O****] OjJjJl (1)1 (^1 i j£ ji ( j^o A^- y^ J^jljj>sJl 

( Ji* 3 Lfclla tljA i (1)1 <U^<u (1)15 j . ^ ^«L>-jli>- ^ jJ3j Aj £ j* 
(Textuality) ^kJL aaJLoJI Iju^ ^ S^Ui^Jl J>»jjJiJl 
jlJ^Jj (Vattimo) Li aJLS U j! t (Deferral) Wj-Jl cJl>U^Vlj 

j ^w^- l l y* aj! t J j-Sj i j>-\ .La^jJL^-j aj j£jd\ o^LwmJI ( jS' 

o * o~p\' Xjh ^ J -~ La j><Jl ^ X ‘.J=^ cy^ ^-M 1 J-x®* 

^iJj (Ir^^dJ . Ajj-jJl La Aj jJajJl oU U cL^pLJl 

•a 

^Lajj jJlli L^J ^ASi^j ^Jl A-AjjJaJl ^5 oJlA jL^uaJ^f 1 ^JLp A-«^Lp 

Barthcs, Ibid., p. 47. (8) 

Stefa no Rosso, «A Correspondence with Umberto Eco,» Translated by (9) 
Carolyn Springer, Boundary , vol. 212, no. 1 (Fall 1983), p. 4. 


69 



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**** ** ** 

loJUt* l ^JU-P J ^-g-«*ASvJ l^a jj N 4^L~Jl oiiL^Jl 
4J9 y>»Jwo i-Jl ^tl oli^-P *UaJ» <ul J jjaJL ^!)\^Jl c-jUaiJl 

m " ^ 


y AZjj~! C J *L-it ^1 _ rr U dUi o^i 4 < 10 ) « t yVUa:l I»Ll; 


Uji^I ^9 .^3> o l»ix^ c f Ji* t a^*U*J1 

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)aJy> yp yU- Jj<j _ji Ail aJI Jaij jl «*-»« ^i^- 


. ^ ^o jU - " JuU V U»Ljjl 
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JLaJ (^1 to ^Jau-wJlj daJLJl £« jJ^l^lUj JsaJj-o UJL j^9 t JjLJI 
ol Jb* tilll dJUS ^ J»j>Jl' ^ ^ j^. ^ ^ ^r~. 

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j^-^> jjjjJJl t Ajjy^fJ ^\ 

La IJl&^ t LaIjl>^Xj^ l ^ La-* JjS[ I jl jl^j l a ^ j! 

jA\ iiXdiJl j*s> i~*L~Jl oUj^Jl jl .Ldb J\'s ^y J-*>s 
• ** - 

(E. L. jjj_ i_Sj .u -L> (Gunter Grass) yl ^ _ i _ ‘— g L-aLJLJI 


», iUaU y AyiJ^Jl ISyl yliS (^1 jl t Doctorow) 

«* *• 

t (Nigel Williams) y LJ j Jj*oU 1 (Star Turn) dU-iSj - 5 Jd»- aJlL»I 

yUj ,d*-*J' y *olJjy«j»j oljly Lfi ax) yll 


Allan Sekula, «On the Invention of Photographic Meanings in: Victor (10) 
Burgin, ed., Thinking Photography (London: Macmillan, 1982), p. 84. 

David E. Wellbery, Postmodernism in Europe: On Recent German (11) 
Writings in: Stanley Trachtenberg, ed.. The Postmodern Moment: A Handbook of 
Contemporary Innovation in the Arts (Westport, Co: Greenwood Press, 1985), 
p. 235. 


70 



J\ ^ lUJJl j* I 

*r ** " 

<dj^l jl (Amos Barking) *^£jL ^ y>\ 4JLLJI SiJaJl 

•* 

(Henry Swansea) t5^r* (*-“"' >* - IJJ t iJLkll 

(.1945 (.U i-AUl fJLj .(^^Jl Sjljj 


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0^ Alapt I ^ dj& Jij ) Jkj aJUUJl ^LUI 


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Ji (LJlp l* o _^cJl ^JO 2LLk)l oU >)l o£*d IjuI 

•* * 

J^jU Ji* oU iwi jL^Jil ^ ^ 

t (Douglas Haig) j-jU cr - % ^— ^ j* j t (Marcel Proust) 


ojj-saj) ^rf^H 4 (Sigmund Freud) J Jb j 

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: cT^' 

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Li-bP ( A>i t *X^ 4,*jhX$J cJ^Dl ( ^ O^^’Aa ^L! 

♦T *• 

*j^Jl ^LaLl^I ^ jjh Ja^Jl j ^j^Jt ( Jl>J| d)L i j*Jl*Jt J^LLe LaLj 
^ lp ^yAi 4<LJlp O^LfcJ^a ( o j-kJ ol ( jp A^jjI L5^' 

jJUJJ Cjw LI L-b5 t (Whitechapel) JjLSjjIj Likba 1927 

tJljj Laj .^^Ul dL^.b ^aIj^ iw-ft jj (1)1 ^1 t ^ILLIa^L 

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. (((Neurosis) (13) ^U**Jl jL^-N 


Nigel Williams, Star Turn (London; Boston: Faber and Faber, 1985), (12) 
p. 15. 

.203 (4«i) jJU^ll (13) 


71 




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^ j, 4^^^ .UJJI UaJ 

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(Virginia eiJjj L^rj-ij ‘C— J^-jL'j ‘H. Lawrence) 
4(Goebbels) jJL^-pj 4 (Churchill) 4 Woolf) 

4 (William Joyce) fLJj (Lord Haw Haw) jU jL* ^jjJj 

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.17 1 j.^.i /gU (14) 


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c~J UU tdJUi J5 ^ iijLl* ^ i^£ll lift U* ^ 

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(j-J L°j j-* ^ <y (^i^Jlj) aj^JL 

*• ** 

t ^jjLxJlJ jLi^?-l ( j-« ol 

cJ » :Vsli tl. ^^>Jl jji «J (1)1 Jjl^i 

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i Jmj .<L«jjsJ!j t(J^*Jlj tiaJaJl jL-~s>Jlj ii»lj jl 

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.305-304 ^ iw) jOvslt (15) 
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t* 

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t JL*-t Aj j\q \ llj L*J t A-bo^l I J 4 Aj j *,/? \ n l lj 

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j-ftj •OSll -bj-b^r t L^_LpL^w« 

o^pjj U jAu tjjialJl lAA .(^jcJJ ^jJjjAjVIj ^U^-il 
iildlll (. dJLIi ^«j .UfejJU^-o (j^)j t 

jl) : la : 1 i^JbJLo 0 ji (. yA jjJaJw^ ^ iJL^IjJl 


Louis Althusser, For Marx y Translated by Ben Brewster (New York: (18) 
Pantheon, 1969), pp. 231-232. 


74 



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(Mimetic Mirroring) ^ylSU^Jl jjj^ii L-j^ i~>\ 

f ^}\ <AijiaU ULLScl^I Jj t (Subjective Projecting) LJli LUliw-l j\ 


Charles Russell, «The Context of the Concept,» in: Harry R. Garvin, (19) 
ed. t Romanticism, Modernism, Postmodernism (Lewisburg, Pa: Bucknell University 
Press; London: Associated University Press, 1980), p. 183. 


75 




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** 

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J-J-Aj J-aJ C-^J ^Jj > «JI J-LaJ jJ LjL jjjw» aJLj 4A^b 

Teresa De Lauretis, Technologies of Gender : Essays on Theory , Film and (20) 
Fiction (Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, 1987), p. 3. 

Dominick LaCapra: History and Criticism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell (21) 
University Press, 1985), and History, Politics, and the Novel (Ithaca, NY: Cornell 
University Press, 1987); Hayden V. White: Metahistory: The Historical 
Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University 
Press, 1973); Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns 
Hopkins University Press, 1978), and The Content of the Form: Narrative 
Discourse and Historical Representation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University 
Press, 1987). 


76 



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Rosalind Krauss, «John Mason and Post-modernist Sculpture: New (22) 
Experiences, New Words,» Art in America , vol. 67, no. 3 (1979), p. 121. 


77 




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Lars Lerup, Planned Assaults: The Nofamily House, Love/ House, Texas (23) 
Zero (Montreal: Canadian Centre for Architecture, 1987), p. 99. 


78 




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Sally Banes, «Dance,» in: Stanley Trachtenberg, ed.. The Postmodern (24) 
Moment: A Handbook of Contemporary Innovation in the Arts (Westport, Co: 
Greenwood Press, 1985), chap. 4, p. 82. 


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Brian McHale, Postmodernist Fiction (London; New York: Methuen, (25) 
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Anne Friedberg, «Mutual Indifference: Feminism and Postmodernism, » (26) 
Unpublished Manuscript, 1988, p. 12. 

Theodor Adorno, «On the Fetish-character in Music and the (27) 

« Regression of Listening,» in: Andrew Arato and Eike Gebhardt, eds., The 
Essential Frankfurt School Reader (New York: Urizen Books, 1978), p. 280. 


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Friedberg, Ibid. 


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Lennard J. Davis, Resisting Novels: Ideology and Fiction (New York; (30) 
London: Methuen, 1987), p. 225. 

Andreas Huyssen, After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, (31) 
Postmodernism (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 53-54. 
Fredric Jameson, Architecture and the Critique of Ideology,» in: Joan (32) 
Ockman, ed.. Architecture, Criticism, Ideology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton 
Architectural Press, 1985), p. 52. 


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Victor Burgin, ed., The End of Art Theory: Criticism and Postmodernity (33) 
(Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International, 1986), pp. 163-164. 


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Charles Newman, The Post-Modern Aura: The Act of Fiction in an Age (34) 
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Press, 1985), p. 107. 


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M. H. Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms , 4th Ed. Rev. (New York: (39) 
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William V, Spanos, Repetitions: The Postmodern Occasion in Literature (41) 
and Culture (Baton Rouge, La: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), p. 7. 


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Linda Andre, «The Politics of Postmodern Photography,» Minnesota (42) 
Review , n. s. 23 (1984), pp. 18-20. 

Craig Owens, «The Discourse of Others: Feminists and (43) 

Postmodernism, » in: Hal Foster, ed., The Anti- Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern 
Culture (Port Townsend: Bay Press, 1983), and Barbara Creed, «From Here to 
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Bay Press, 1983), p. 4. 

Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late (51) 
Capitalism, » New Left Review , vol. 146 (1984), p. 78. 


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Edited by Brian Wallis (New York: New Museum of Contemporary Art; 
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Stanley Trachtenberg, ed.. The Postmodern Moment : A Handbook of (56) 
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Ihab Hassan, «The Question of Postmodernism, » in: Harry R. Garvin, (57) 
ed.. Romanticism , Modernism, Postmodernism (Lewisburg, Pa: Bucknell University 
Press; London: Associated University Press, 1980). 


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Difference : On Representation and Sexuality (New York: New Museum of 
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Fredric Jameson, «Hans Haacke and the Cultural Logic of (5) 
Postmodernism, » in: Rosalyn Deutsche [et al.], Hans Haacke , Unfinished Business , 
Edited by Brian Wallis (New York: New Museum of Contemporary Art; 
Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press, 1986), p. 42. 


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Fredric Jameson, «On Magic Realism in Film,» Critical Inquiry , vol. 12, (6) 
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Poetics of Culture (Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986). 


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Roland Barthes, Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes , Translated by (9) 
Richard Howard, 1st American Ed. (New York: Hill And Wang, 1977), p. 172. 
Simon During, Postmodernism or Post-Colonialism Today, » Textual (10) 
Practice , vol. 1, no. 1 (1987), p. 33. 

Rey Chow, «Rereading Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies: A Response (11) 
to the «Postmodem» Condition, » Cultural Critique , vol. 5 (Winter 1986-1987), 

p. 91. 


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Suzi Gablik, Has Modernism Failed? (London; New York: Thames and (12) 
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Stimpson, «Nancy Reagan Wears a Hat: Feminism and its Cultural (13) 
Consensus,» p. 236. 


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John Fowles, A Maggot (Toronto: Collins; London: Jonathan Cape, (14) 
1985), p. 385. 

Paul Smith, Discerning the Subject (Minneapolis: University of (15) 
Minnesota Press, 1988). 


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Nancy K. Miller, «Changing the Subject: Authorship, Writing, and the (16) 
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1 t ®<5 ^_ Lo-a 1 ^y-i-tj L« iws^ <1)|)) 


Douglas Crimp, «The Photographic Activity of Postmodernism,» (21) 
October , vol. 15 (Winter 1980); Michael Starenko, « What’s an Artist to Do? A 
Short History of Postmodernism and Photography, » Afterimage (January 1983), 
and Gene Thornton, «Post-modem Photography: It Doesn’t Look «Modem» at 
all t »'i4i?7>zeHw, vol. 78, no. 4 (1979). 


130 



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S^^3 ^1 c L^ljI cLUj^j ,L*-^jIji>-I <Jl>- ^3 Jj 


David Clarkson, «Sarah Charlesworth: An Interview, » Parachute , vol. (22) 
49 (1987-1988), p. 14. 

Tom Folland, «Review of Astrid klein at the Ydessa Gallery, » (23) 
Parachute , vol. 50 (1988), p. 60. 


131 




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Townsend: Bay Press, 1985), p. 100. 


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John Berger, Ways of Seeing (London: BBC; Harmondsworth: (25) 
Penguin, 1972), p. 46. 


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oULiJl (Stan Douglas) jL^ ^JUSGl jliAJl jia* 


Yve- Alain Bois,- Douglas Crimp and Rosalind Krauss, «A (26) 
Conversation with Hans Haacke,» in: Annette Michelson [et al.], eds., October: 
The First Decade , 1976-1986 (Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press, 1987), pp. 199. 

Allan Sekula, «Reading an Archive, » in: Brian Wallis, ed., Blasted (27) 
Allegories: An Anthology of Writings by Contemporary Artists (New York: New 
Museum of Comtemporary Art; Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press, 1987), pp. 115. 


134 


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Peter Brooks, Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative (33) 
(New York: Random House, 1984), p. 12. 


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4* 

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Fredric Jameson, «The Politics of Theory: Ideological Positions in the (35) 
Post-modernism Debate, » New German Critique, vol. 33 (1984), p. 54. 


la U a J L j* I JL Aj .JUJ 


140 



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Historical Representation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 
p. 11. 

Dominick LaCapra, History and Criticism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell (37) 
University Press, 1985), 58. 

Teresa De Lauretis, Technologies of Gender: Essays on Theory , Film and (38) 
Fiction (Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, 1987), p. 109. 


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William Kennedy, Legs (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975), p. 245. (53) 

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J-a jo-ijJlj tL,Ajt SLwxJt SX>-j ^ ^^iJl £-jjLJI 

Jc^oJl J-SLiJ Ol . (2 ) «oUSLJIj v-L.Vl'olijLUlj» 
4-ivaJl <L)I tLsAjI oliLJl jLjlpI JLi jJ Lis' *>LSLlj 

J5 v-Vj -M C> ^ tjS «i>Jl j 5>~JI 

L-fjL LS’j) ^~J-L>JI (Sterne) j (Cervantes) ( _ r JuL ij~* /,_* 

.(Lil>Jl 

IL^j ^j1a>®JI LLlJl o| * <J Iji>* LoIp 
oL^juJI ^ £j hr L- ^ ejji?- bj& Ji (J^Jl J-SLidl ^1 

jJ> o^Jl S^Jl J : .^a :l S^LluJl L~JLj ^J l S^LJl j! ( 1960 s) 

Dominick LaCapra, History and Criticism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell (1) 
University Press, 1985), p. 25. 

Fernand Braudel, On History, Translated by Sarah Matthews (Chicago: (2) 
University of Chicago Press, 1980). 


160 



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Marjorie Perloff, The Dance of the Intellect: Studies in the Poetry of the (3) 
Pound Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 19S5), p. 158. 


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164 



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Fredric Jameson, «Foreword,» in: Jean-Francois Lyotard: The (13) 
Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, Translated from the French by 
Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi; Foreword by Fredric Jameson 
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), p. 3. 

Hayden V. White, «The Historical Text as Literary Artifact, » in: (14) 
Robert H. Canary and Henry Kozicki, eds.. The Writing of History: Literary 
Form and Historical Understanding (Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 

1978), p. 41. 


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History: Literary Form and Historical Understanding (Madison, Wis: University of 
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oLiU o-UJl aLU; JjliJl aJJ^JI cP J ^PjJl 

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1985), p. 343. 

Ronald Sukenick, In From : Digressions on the Act of Fiction (29) 
(Carbondale; Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1985), p. 46. 


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Brian Wallis, ed., Art After Modernism : Rethinking Representation (New York: 
New Museum of Comtemporary Art; Boston, Ma: Godine, 1984), p. 76. 


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(4) 


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Ben Brewster (London: New Left Books, 1971), and Catherine Belsey, Critical 
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Benjamin H. D. Buchloh, «Since Realism there was ...,» in: Art and (2) 
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Susan Sontag, On Photography (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, (5) 
1977), p. 179. 


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e-A^j^ <bl ^yif- aJI Jkx> ol t ^5L k j t,_s9ljP jiy^cS I ^ 


Bill Nichols, Ideology and the Image: Social Representation in the Cinema (7) 
and Other Media (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981), p. 57. 


252 



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t ji>j j&S (We are Your Circumstantial Evidence) y± tdJJ JS ^ J 
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(iii ^ C/ 5 ’ 

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Roland Barthes, /mage Mwsic 7exr, Translated by Stephen Health (New (8) 
York: Hill and Wang, 1977), pp. 39-41. 

Craig Owens, «The Allegorical Impulse: Toward a Theory of (9) 
Postmodernism. Part II,» October , vol. 12 (1980), pp. 74-75. 


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Martha Rosier, 3 Works (Halifax, NS: Nova Scotia College of Art and (10) 
Design, 1981), p. 73. 


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^JJlj 4. ijXiJl _ iJU «uJLi ^JJI J^Jlj . (11) «j»JLi^l 


Fredric Jameson, «Hans Haacke and the Cultural Logic of (11) 
Postmodemism,» in: Rosalyn Deutsche, [et al.], Hans Haacke , Unfinished Business, 
Edited by Brian Wallis (New York: New Museum of Contemporary Art; 
Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press, 1986), p. 34. 


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Kate Linker, «Representation and Sexuality, » in: Brian Wallis, ed.. Art (12) 

After Modernism: Rethinking Representation (New York: New Museum of 
Contemporary Art; Boston, Ma: Godine, 1984), p. 414. 


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Carol Squiers, «Di versionary (Syn)tactics: Barbara Kruger has her Way (13) 
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Linker, «Representation and Sexuality ,» p. 405. 


(15) 


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Laura Mulvey, «Magnificent Obssession,» Parachute , vol. 42 (1986), (16) 
p. 7. 


265 



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Difference: On Representation and Sexuality (New York: New Museum (17) 
of Contemporary Art, 1984). 


266 


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{Documenta ^ ii yJl ^1 OjJ-aLL<JI Lo^Upj .(Hear) (sic) 

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(Oelgemelde, Hommage a Marcel —L» J-iL* J-*^- ‘ 7) 


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{Surveillance ixialJl .U-^i5 ^j-LUIj <_$ 

#> n* 

iJu tt_J?UtdL L^SMpj ikJLJLi iJujca is your Busy work) 


bjy+,0 ^j^l w , L>J-5\Jl oAA 0^*-s &J J&y .(JlioJl ^J^-**** 

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Victor Burgin, ed.: ((Photography, Phantasy, Function, » in: Thinking (18) 
Photography (London: Macmillan, 1982), p. 211. 

Squiers, ‘«Diversionary (Syn)tactics: Barbara Kruger has her Way with (19) 
Words,» p. 80. 


269 



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(You make JL^pI J^tj ^ Oaip ^ : ^-^- 3 

iLki^ iyl yyy U-*-° j) history when you do business) 

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(Our Time is your «dUL« LjlSj» y L^5 oL*aJ aJL>- y 0j-£j 

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A^ljlj y iy- 4 t y Nl ly^u 

yo yjJUbL^Jl j j j ol XJl 


270 



(We are being Jl^jJI ol t JLlJI JUi JUJI 

* 

<tj \ ^oJcJ Li y>- oLJL^Jl oJla made spectacles) 

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t* 

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4* 

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(Hannah Wilke) ^SLL j UL^J 

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What Does This Representation? What Do You ^ « ll 

ZJLjlajj (.((So Help Me Hannah) I^JUp J) Represent?) 


Khathleen McCarthy Gauss, New American Photography (Los Angeles: (20) 
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1985), p. 93. 


271 



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Colin MacCabe, «The Discursive and the Ideological in Film: Notes on (21) 
the Conditions of Political Intervention, » Screen, vol. 19, no. 4 (Winter 1978- 
1979), p. 41. 


272 



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Hal Foster, ed., Recordings: Art, Spectacle, Cultural Politics (Port (22) 
Townsend: Bay Press, 1985), p. 8. 

Rosier, 3 Works , p. 82. (23) 


274 



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Yve- Alain Bois, «The Antidote, » October , no. 39 (Winter 1986), p. 129. (24) 


275 



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Hans Haacke, «Museums, Managers of Consciousness, » in; Rosalyn (25) 
Deutsche [et al ], Hans Haacke, Unfinished Business. Edited by Brian Wallis (New 
York; New Museum of Contemporary Art; Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press, 1986), 
p. 72. 

LeAnne Schreiber, «Talking to... Barbara Kruger,» Vogue, (October (26) 

1987), pp. 260 and 268. 


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Catherine R. Stimpson, «Nancy Reagan Wears a Hat: Feminism and its (1) 
Cultural Consensus, » Critical Inquiry, vol. 14, no. 2 (1988), p. 223. 


277 






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Craig Owens, «The Discourse of Others: Feminists and (2) 

Postmodernism,» in: Hal Foster, ed.. The Anti- Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern 
Culture (Port Townsend: Bay Press, 1983), p. 57. 


278 



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Laura Mulvey, «Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema, » Screen , , vol. (13) 
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Jacques Derrida, «Sending: On Representation, » Social Research , vol. (14) 
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Teresa De Lauretis, «Feminist Studies/Critical Studies: Issues, Terms (17) 
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Chris Weedon, Feminist and Poststructuralist Theory (Oxford: Basil (36) 
Blackwell, 1987). 


317 



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aJIo>J| -boLa oL^Jl j^i\ ^ Ja jj j ? <38) ^ j^Jl LjbiJl aJI 
JlSwl J^a _ j*j-lSJl is^jU^J t JiVl Jpj t oLj_«uJl oLLaU 15 J& 

pLUI S^LpI <>$1^ jis^l <>• - ^Lpjj u^L-^t J^ 


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• Lajtaj} C AX*a»L*^ ^ ^ jS'JG t Lsibl (. oL-ajLa-^Jl 


Hal Foster, ed.. Recordings: Art, Spectacle, Cultural Politics (Port (37) 
Townsend: Bay Press, 1985). 

Janice Winship, ««A Girl Needs to Get Street-wise»: Magazines for the (38) 

1980s, » in: Rosemary Betterton, ed.. Looking On: Images of Femininity in the 
Visual Arts and Media (London; New York: Pandora, 1987), p. 127. 


318 



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ji jj v ( j-«-4ji j\ jjii 

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^ jl t ( )(( ^r^L^» j_fc LJ Aj jiaJ ,) A-a-w^cJ jl 


Kenneth Allan, The Meaning of Culture: Moving the Postmodern (1) 
Critique Forward (Westport, Co: Praeger, 1998). 

Steven Connor, Postmodernist Culture: An Introduction to Theories of the (2) 
Contemporary (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989). 


319 



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L-JL>*Jl jj^C-1 J *L>«J! ^ ^Jl ^fSjLLol] ^ J,a n ) jLSj 


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(6). 




Charles Altieri, Postmodernism Now: Essays on Contemporaneity in the (3) 

Arts (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998). 

Richard Appignanesi, Postmodernism for Beginners (Cambridge: Icon (4) 
Books, 1995). 

Stefan Morawski, The Troubles with Postmodernism , Foreward by : ^JaJl (5) 
Zygmunt Bauman (London; New York: Routledge, 1996); Nicholas Zurbrugg, 
The Parameters of Postmodernism (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 
1993); Margaret A. Rose, The Post-Modern and the Post-Industrial: A Critical 
Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), and John McGowan, 
Postmodernism and its Critics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991). 

Terry Eagleton, The Illusions of Postmodernism (Oxford; Cambridge, (6) 

Ma: Blackwell, 1996). 

Christopher Norris: What’s Wrong with Postmodernism: Critical Theory (7) 
and the Ends of Philosophy (New York; London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990); 
The Truth about Postmodernism (Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Ma; USA: Blackwell, 
1993), and Truth and the Ethics of Criticism (Manchester: Manchester University 
Press, 1994). 


320 



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^1 s*j t j?A - l ^ 1^1 >xjJ ^J-dl3l c-^Ua>*Jl (JL^il 


Richard Terdiman, Discourse! Counter-discourse: The Theory and (8) 
Practice of Symbolic Resisdence in Nineteenth-Century (France, NY: Cornell 
University Press, 1985). 


321 



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. ^.jl.-ll ju 'y jl5 ibl .Li*i iL?-'-U^Jl oU-LJI ^ 

t jL-uNl ^ jl i-jlJ->«Jl b»oi*Jl 

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t( _ r o>Jlj tSJuiJl Ui->1 bl b;1 Vr~d 

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, y, . .- ijl jil Jli L*5j .3aX*i« cjUjJ> i5L>- o-L».t — , » (<^3 l;,^o 
^JLJ U,> ^iJbl ^ 0 a^> ^ry. (J* : (Edward Said) 


Brian McHale, Postmodernist Fiction (London; New York: Methuen, (9) 
1987). 

Homi Bhabha, «Minority Maneuvers and Unsettled Negociations,» (10) 
Critical Inquiry, vol. 23, no. 3 (Spring 1997), p. 438. 


322 



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Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979), p. 10. (11) 

Simon Malpas: «Introduction,» in: Postmodern Debates (New York: (12) 
Palgrave, 2001), p. 1. 

Hans Bertens, The Idea of the Postmodern: A History (London; New (13) 
York: Routledge, 1995). 


323 



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<14) ^jJ ^jj_>-jL> ! <jj'j*- (^JJl ( Postmodern Genres ) UlJL^JI 

LJjlJ J^sLaJl l _ r ^_jlxJl 1>JI y is-y Ji. Ji (Marjorie Perloff) 
Aijajl ejliS JJLo 1 4jb-N oljL^a J j»l®OA^n £y~“y 

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oUjjj JlJbJl JUjL. p*p>l JI Jlfcftl IJlp iL* ^ UMkilj 
r^rj <18> ’^JUj oT JLq_pI J,>JI ojU, :\^ 


Marjorie Perloff, ed., Postmodern Genres (Norman: University of (14) 
Oklahoma Press, 1989). 

Johannes H. Birringer, Theatre, Theory, Postmodernism (Bloomington: (15) 
Indiana University Press, 1991). 

Philip Auslander, From Acting to Performance: Essays on Modernism (16) 
and Postmodernism (London; New York: Routledge, 1997). 

Nick Kaye, Postmodernism and Performance (London: Macmillan, (17) 
1994). 

Anne Friedberg, Window Shopping: Cinema and the Postmodern (18) 
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993). 


324 



oLI jij . (Jim Collins) ° 9> >i^ 

Jblj^ iL&Jl ^ Ju JLxJl ^Jaj ^y <. olaJ jlj 4 lO^Jl AajU AjU- j 

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. (22) ^~JI kUUjJ v-L-Jl sUJl ^y tJLCiJ <W» 

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Jim Collins: Uncommon Cultures : Popular Culture and Post-Modernism (19) 

(New York: Routledge, 1989), and Architectures of Excess: Cultural Life in the 
Information Age (New York: Routledge, 1995). 

Jonathan Bignell, Postmodern Media Culture (Edinburgh: Edinburgh (20) 
University Press, 2000); John Docker, Postmodernism and Popular Culture: A 
Cultural History (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), and 
Mike Featherstone, Consumer , Culture and Postmodernism (London: Sage, 1991). 
Vincent B. Leitch, Postmodernism: Local Effects , Global (Albany, NY: (21) 

State University of New York Press, 1996), and Mike Featherstone, Undoing 
Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity (London: sage, 1995). 

Stuart Hall, «New Ethnicities,» in: David Morley and Kuan-Hsing (22) 

Chen, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (New York: Routledge, 
1996), p. 430. 

W. J. T. Mitchell, Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual (23) 
Representation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 180. 


325 



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(Charles jj jLiu^ 4 (Douglas K.rimp) ^^jjS j 

^L^Jl lj> e-uS'L* c^S ji 4 j! o^pI Ul w Jl>- JlS' ^^JLpj .Jencks) 

d->hX^- U dU^J 4 La Lp y AaJLl^vw* AjL> j 1* * A,,-,, " 5^ -.» 4 ^ j^ n l| 

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<JL^a2**»I i y ^ 4-« P jl h— 9^** 4 4j Jb JL>cj j£\ *j j * ■ 

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(Holocaust) 4iy*L*S\ y> L>J ^JJl 4ojJlj i^ai Zj~*j 

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y*j .( A Survivor's Tale) Aj i^aj :(Maus) yy ^ 

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4 j-*j jLs^ L« a-« 4 ^^oLJl «, /g a l l ^ 4 ajj_~JI aJLw#j ^yjl j | « *l l 

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Donald B. Kuspit, Redeeming Art: Critical Reveries (New York: (24) 
Allworth Press, 2000); Douglas Crimp, On the Museum's Ruins (Cambridge, Ma: 
MIT Press, 1993); Charles Jencks, ed.: The Post-Modern Reader (London: 
Academy Editions; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), and What is 
Postmodernism! (London: Academy Editions, 1996). 

Art Spiegelman, Maus: A Survivor’s Tale (New York: Pantheon, 1986), (25) 
vol. 1 : «My Father Bleeds History». 

Linda Hutcheon and Michael Hutcheon: : ^1 t oU 5 J^> J* Jj (26) 
«Before we Begin... An Introductory Note on the Operatic Body in Context, » in: 


326 



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I -La J->- wLs j c oL-^ljjJl JbljjLa j-o Ij c LoL-Jl j 

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4 -JL^j^JI (Jl^Jtf'yi LajLipL _ cJlS' L«jjj . Ls-sul LjjJtJl 

jS . ^ y >z*+*A ^\s>- J-*jL$JI s° °Ljo! / U^>" Lo <Jjl 4 Lol Li 

i <Ij|jj>J! jl*jU o! j/L L^2 jI i LgJLJL>tj ^yL.-* j_«Jl ^ <1)1 

(Susan McClary) 6j^S La JJL- 3I4J J^p U 5 

(George y - -‘■^ -■ * J t (Lawrence Kramer) j-a\ jS 

(29} 

(Neil J_Jj c (Russell Potter) J—ljj iLipsitz) 


Bodily Charm: Living Opera (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), pp. 13 
- 19. 

Nicholas Mirzoeff, Body scape: Art, Modernity , and the Ideal ' j k 31 (27) 
Figure (London; New York: Routledge, 1995). 

Herbert Lindenberger, «From Opera to Postmodemity: On : n .i - . 1 (28) 

Genre, Style, Institutions, » in: Marjorie Perloff, ed.. Postmodern Genres (Norman: 
University of Oklahoma Press, 1989), 

Linda Hutcheon, «’01d Tools’, not ’New Noise’: Opera’s Postmodern : Jl 
Moment,» in: Thomas Carmichael and Alison Lee, eds., Postmodern Times: A 
Critical Guide to the Contemporary (Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 
2000). 

Susan McClary, Conventional Wisdom: The Content of Musical Form (29) 
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000); Lawrence Kramer, Classical 
Music and Postmodern knowledge (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); 
George Lipsitz, Dangerous Crossroads: Popular Music, Postmodernism, and the 
Poetics of Place (London; New York: Verso, 1994); Russel A. Potter, Spectacular 
I Vernaculars: Hip-hop and the Politics of Postmodernism (Albany: State University 


327 



JLSLJ.I ^ JU«_;L*JI tij-iJl cjL>- jJ t Nehring) 

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o jJL* ^Jl o j_p j t (Emmanuel Levinas) ^L^jLJ J~J jJL*-p 
LL^ ai CU>- t ^Lol JL>Jl JUjI* 4-wuLw^ jj Aj jl j ^ oJ*u I 

f* 

of New York Press, 1995), and Neil Nehring, Popular Music , Gender, and 
Postmodernism : Anger is an Energy (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1997). 

Jean-Francois Lyotard: Toward the Postmodern , Edited by Robert (30) 
Harvey and Mark S. Roberts (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1993); 
The Postmodern Explained: Correspondence, 1982-1985 , Translated by Don Barry, 
Edited by Julian Pefanis and Morgan Thomas (Minneapolis: University of 
Minnesota Press, 1993), and Postmodern Fables , Translated by Georges Van Den 
Abbeele (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1997). 

Richard Rorty: Contingency, Irony and Truth (Cambridge: Cambridge (31) 
University Press, 1989); Objectivity, Relativism and Truth (Cambridge: Cambridge 
University Press, 1991); Truth, Politics and « Post-Modernism)) (Assen: Van 
Gorcum, 1997), and Philosophy and Social Hope (London; New York: Penguin, 
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328 



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JLkjLoj (1)Ls^JNI jj )g\a ^jA t I ^oLj j <do_A>l >^i>- JjJl aAA 

l^jl <jA\ t (Donna Haraway) Uj^ <JLu j\5 tAlil*L>Ji 

^Lr^* <3W* 

{Cyborg Manifesto: Science , Technology , 

JtA >- j . and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century) 

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4jL^ 0 jj\SA C-^Ua>sJl ^jA 

4j1 jJ L^ -t (j - ^* * * Ijbj t^^4-s^L>- A*j| JL>- JUljLo LI */» a 1 il jil 
t ^J\ ^jf\ J ~*UJ . (36) (iiyu j\ A-ijJL^) iilil oU^i 
L# JUo! t3 jJaj <-L jaZ SiUI o jy>-\ JjL>- 

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. ^ i .j * It oL>Jl!a^« ju J u>o ^ a*aj t 

Margrit Shildrik, Leaky Bodies and Boundaries: Feminism, Post - (32) 
modernism and (Bio) ethics (London; New York: Routledge, 1997), and Paul A. 
KomesarofF, ed., Troubled Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Postmodernism, Medical 
Ethics, and the Body (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995). 

Donna Haraway, Simians, Cybors and Woman: The Reinvention of (33) 
Nature (New Y ork: Routledge, 1 99 1 ), pp. 1 49- 1 8 1 . 

Hugh J. Silverman, ed.. Postmodernism : Philosophy and the Arts (New (34) 

York; London: Routledge, 1990). 

Linda J. Nicholson, The Play of Reason: From the Modern to the (35) 
Postmodern (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), and Dawne McCance, 
Posts: Re-addressing the Ethical (Albany: State University of New York Press, 
1996). 

Federick Ferre, Being and Value: Toward a Constructive Postmodern (36) 
Metaphysics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996), and 
Knowing and Value: Toward a Constructive Postmodern Epistemology (Albany: 
State University of New York Press, 1998). 

= Colin Falck, Myth, Trutth, and Literature: Towards a True (37) 


329 



^^JLp t (Slavoj Zizek) L- <^S Jl^j yjiJuj 

( JLill Ljwill ttl2)l iiJLiJl J jjJl ^ ji^Jl 

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LuLJli JjL— • 1 1 ./o 1 1 t J jLj t(Jane Flax) (39) ( _ r >5‘iU y~>- J-l» 

t* #• 

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(Mark ( 42 > y-y iljL. J^p jlSj .UI.a*J| J^U Jl ylJu>Jl 


Postmodernism (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 12. 
Slavoj Zizek: Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through (38) 
Popular Culture (Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press, 1991), and Enjoy your Symptom!: 
Jacques Lacan in Hollywood and Out (New York: Routledge, 1992). 

Jane Flax: Thinking Fragments: Psychoanalysis , Feminism , and (39) 
Postmodernism in the Contemporary West (Berkeley: University of California 
Press, 1990), and Disputed Subjects: Essays on Psychoanalysis , Politics and 
Philosophy (New York: Routledge, 1993). 

A. K. M. Adam, What Is Postmodern Biblical Criticism? (Minneapolis: (40) 
Fortress Press, 1995). 

James Breech, Jesus and Postmodernism (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, (41) 

1989), and Ursula King, ed.. Faith and Praxis in a Postmodern Age (London; New 
York: Cassell, 1998). 

Mark Poster, Cultural History and Postmodernity: Disciplinary Readings (42) 
and Challenges (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). 


330 



aS j>- ^ (David Harvey) JuLb aL ij t Poster) 

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David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the (43) 
Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989). 

Douglas E. Litowitz, Postmodern Philosophy and Low (Lawrence, KA: (44) 
University Press of Kansas, 1997); lan Ward, Kantianism , Postmodernism and 
Critical Legal Thought (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1997), and Costas 
Douzinas, Peter Goodrich and Yifat Hachamovitch, eds., Politics , Postmodernity, 
and Critical Legal Studies (New York: Routledge, 1994). 

Jean Baudrillard: Fatal Strategies , Translated by Philip Beitchman and (45) 

W.G. J. Niesluchowski; Edited by Jim Fleming (New York: Semiotext(e); London: 
Pluto, 1990); Baudrillard Live: Selected Interviews , Edited by Mike Gane (London; 
New York: Routledge, 1993), and The Revenge of the Crystal: Selected Writings 
on the Modern Object and its Destiny, 1968-1983 , Edited and Translated by Paul 
Foss and Julian Pefanis (London: Pluto Press, 1999). 

Thomas Docherty, After Theory: Postmodernism /Postmarxism (46) 
(London; New York: Routledge, 1990). 


331 




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Jii t JL>- <. JjuLaj (oJjl*^JI L^-jLpj-u £^->«JL|) 

^Jj i J OJL$ L^taLlCul^ A^g^a d->L«->-l jA L^LL-^^LiJI f*""^ ^ 


Agnes Heller, A Philosophy of History in Fragments (Oxford; (47) 
Cambridge, Ma: Blackwell, 1993). 

Agnes Heller and Ferenc Fehe?r, The Postmodern Political Condition (48) 
(Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1988). 

Theresa Man Ling Lee, Politics and Truth: Political Theory and the (49) 
Postmodernist Challenge (New York: State University of New York Press, 1997), 
and Stephen K. White, Political Theory and Postmodernism (Cambridge; New 
York: Cambridge University Press, 1991). 

Sara Ahmed, Differences that Matter : Feminist Theory and Post - (50) 

modernism (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), and 

\ 

Somer Brodribb, Nothing Mat(t)ers: A Feminist Critique of Postmodernism 
(Toronto: J. Lorimer, 1992). 


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^j3j N LjI LwJL&LJ aS_^ 4 6 jJpLwo ^3 i^-L>-i j^uJj5 4a*j-j^J1 


Linda J. Nicholson, ed., Feminism (New York: Routledge, 1990), and (51) 
Margaret Ferguson and Jennifer Wicke, eds.. Feminism and Post-Modernism 
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994). 

Teresa L. Ebert, Ludic Feminism and After: Postmodernism, Desire and (52) 

Labor in Late Capitalism (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), and 
Donna Haraway, Simians, Cybors and Woman: The Reinvention of Nature. 

Rita Fleski, Doing Time: Feminist Theory and Postmodern Culture (New (53) 

York: New York University Press, 2000), and Patricia Waugh, ed.. Practicing 
Postmodernism! Reading Modernism (London: Edward Arnold, 1992). 

Laura Doan, «Preface,» in: The Lesbian Postmodern (New York: (54) 
Columbia University Press, 1994). 

Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (55) 
(London; New York: Routledge, 1990). 


333 



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Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism , or. The Cultural Logic of Late (56) 
Capitalism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991), p. 5. 

Anders Stephanson, «Regarding Postmodernism - A Conversation with (57) 
Fredric Jameson,» Social Text, vol. 17 (1987), p. 64. 


334 



ttlJbJl JboU iji Jl CALLS' i JLyNl 

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^1p ^y>xJ cjUIaj L^-Jlju>o o*yi>Jl > yj 4 i^JiSyZj ^ j a^jLaII 
*^a <JL>cJl ^yb L$^) ^j1jl>«J 1 JUuLa yp ej ^JaJwQ 

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; 4-J^jJl ^LJlJj>Jl jUuLo <1)1 j-lp J^->“ jlL>«_« 1997 ^Lp 


Bell Hooks, Yearning: Race , Gender , and Cultural Politics (Boston: (58) 
South End Press, 1990), pp. 30-31. 

Homi Bhabha, 77*e Locations of Culture (London; New York: (59) 
Routledge, 1994), pp. 1-2. 

.5-4 ^y> t4*wjjj j.JL/all (60) 


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JLJjjJl OjLL^JI l-oSH ikj lj 5-4^ J-! ‘Literary Practice) 

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sjl^juJI oLV jJI o j : 1 015 t oLa^JI ^ 

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. j , ( 'I j|j . <61) ((?« 4 _ ? J1 jl>JI jujL«» ^ l«» ^ ((^jUjcl-VI 

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Kwame Anthony Appiah, «Is the «Post-» in «Postmodemism» the (61) 
«Post-» in «Postcolonial«?» Critical Inquiry , vol. 17, no. 2 (1991). 

Linda Hutcheon, «The Post Always Rings Twice: The Postmodern and (62) 
the Postcolonial,» Textual Practice , vol. 8, no. 2 (1994). 


336 



U j iol ^ a*p ^3 iii® ajI L J^ t t Jli*Jl 

jkuJl LlJu C^aIJI LgJw« f j£\ aJU-JI AjI 4 LojI vlUi ^j^S'j) 

. <63) (((^UtJl oiJlj ^Udl 

U 5 Jajljjj ^-SUiil it y* j^l Si Uwm»Ij jL* L* 

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( Past the Last Post: ( 64 ) 3-JIjl>JI J^L»j j U - ^u ^l X*-> U y : h: > 
jl# 4 Theorizing Post-Colonialism and Post-Modernism) 

o^U^Jl l^uU ^JlJI *>i$* Ji a~JI*j - (65> ^ ^ 

4 ^jfcl jujl \ 1 a £y*J>~) A*-;J(P aJIJ^ oL^U-fJl 

j\J\ Lo o> j \ jJ tidjJL* oUt .1 jg ., <g * oJj JJL® 

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JiL; ajI ^Soil Ulj .aJLpU SjJi a_> ^ iaJ LajLa^Ij a*^L~JI 


Stefphen Slemon, «The Scramble for Post-colonialism,» in: Bill (63) 
Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, eds., The Post- Colonial Reader 
(London; New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 45. 

Adam, Ian, and Helen Tiffin, eds., Past the Last Post: Theorizing Post - (64) 
Colonialism and Post-Modernism (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1990). 

R. Radhakrishnan, ((Postmodernism and the Rest of the World,» in: (65) 
Fawzia Afzal-Khan and Kalpana Seshadri-Crooks, eds.. The Pre-occupation of 
Postcolonial Studies (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000); Helen Claire 
Scott, ((Idealogies of Postcolonialism: How Postmodernism Mystifies the History 
and Persistence of Imperialisms (PHD Dissertation, Brown University, 1996), and 
Ziauddin Sardar, Postmodernism and the Other: The New Imperialism of Western 
Culture (London: Pluto Press, 1998). 


337 



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jL U j£j L. bl t^LLJL I Jut . iee) ^r*±S\ .-AJmJI 

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bj^ c^i U-J «VjA^J <LL^» <>* 

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. (Barbara Harlow) (68) ^JjU Uj 1 * 


o*>UJl JLJL*J (Syla Benhabib) ci^j Jlij 


Zygmund Bauman: Postmodern Ethics (Oxford; Cambridge, Ma: (66) 
Blackwell, 1993), and Life in Fragments: Essays in Postmodern Morality (Oxford; 
Cambridge, Ma: Blackwell, 1995); Seyla Benhabib, Situating the Self: Gender, 
Community , and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics (New York: Routledge, 
1992); Jennifer Geddes, ed.. Evil After Postmodernism: Histories, Narratives and 
Ethics (London; New York: Routledge, 2001); Gerhard Hoffman and Alfred 
Homung, eds.. Ethics and Aesthetics: The Moral Turn of Postmodernism 
(Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1996); McCance, Posts: Re-addressing the Ethical , and 
Gary B. Madison and Marty Fairbairn, eds.. The Ethics of Postmodernity: Current 
Trends in Continental Thought (Evanston, 111: Northwestern University Press, 
1999). 

Geoffrey Galt Harpham, «Ethics,» in: Frank Lentricchia and Thomas (67) 
McLaughlin, eds.. Critical Terms for Literary Study , 2nd Ed. (Chicago: University 
of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 394. 

Barbara Harlow, «From «The Civilising Mission» to «Humanitarian (68) 
Interventionism": Postmodernism, Writing, and Human Rights,» in: Laura 
Garcia-Moreno and Peter C. Pfeiffer, eds.. Text and Nation: Cross Disciplinary 
Essays on Culture and National Identities (Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1996). 


338 



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. ^ ^Lviji dJLSS ^ j .cLL£ c aI^^a ^At t4-^L«*Jl 

UJUl jl cJu ^ jlU( I 1a (Ajay Heble) JLj* ^b4 cJ jU j 

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. ^ ^li * j J •/* *J t LJ^->“1 t JUSlllLj (, L^jU t4-j3^->-'yi 

< JLp ^ V 1 

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Seyla Benhabib. Situating the Self: Gender, Community, and (69) 
Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics , p. 15. 

Ajay Heble, «New Contexts of Canadian Criticism: Democracy, (70) 
Counterpoint, Responsibility, » in: Ajay Heble, Donna Palmateer Pennee and J. R. 
Tim Struthers, eds.. New Contexts of Canadian Criticism (Peterborough: 
Broadview Press, 1996), p. 78. 

Ajay Heble, «Re-ethicizing the Classroom: Pedagogy, the Public (71) 
Sphere, and the Postcolonial Condition, » College Literature , vol. 29, no. 1 (Winter 
2001 ). 

Ajay Heble, Landing on the Wrong Note: Jazz, Dissonance, and Critical (72) 
Practice (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 208-210 and 218-226. 


339 




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i^-L^g jl 4_<J jjJl 4 ^>»L^mJI o-l*** C— jLS'I Aj^hj .JU-ft 

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dr* ^ 


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C -C U ; .iU 4 _JlJu»Jl JL*jL» (Robert Young) 

J ^jjUl jl l-*-*j -*^ry^ jl-Cb i!U>- :<jjl t 

Jl jbJl j ->'■- ! jJ j 4 jj^i <j* b ^. -v .a >X»j 

^yAj t«Jjy ^Sj j*J A' AA 

JbuUI a-,L— jU 4 (Young) gji J>1 V-Aj . (74) J!>U^-Ml 
^s- jjl» Xj^Kt- J * Jl <j-* j-£j-»-5' ^-w-Lfr A_«j'«*->- 

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jAj <■ (Modernism) aj jll.L»JJ i>L>*J-*l ^ J1*j l-i* 

.a a o3.L*JLo /C J>-l r*l JJ Cjjj^ <V 77-* A' JJ-A'" C# 3 ! 


Barry Kanpol, Towards a Theory and Practice of Teacher Cultural (73) 
Politics: Continuing the Postmodern Debate (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1992); Patricia 
Ann Lather, Getting Smart: Feminist Research and Pedagogy with/ in the 
Postmodern (New York: Routledge, 1991), and Xin Liu Gale, Teachers, 
Discourses, and Authority in the Postmodern Composition Classroom (Albany: State 
University of New York Press, 1996). 

Robert Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (74) 
(London; New York: Routledge, 1990), p. 117. 


340 



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t !Lj 4 (Said) ^ ^ 

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4Jli ilLcuJ! recits) 

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iiliiJl ^ Co * U * 4_pLws<^ oL>«3 ^ Laa->" 

.(223) ® U ^*>1^1^ V 1JLU> U^Up d)l5 i 


JuyLJl jl5 olij-cJl j LgJli oL^iLcJl oi-g-> JUcJ^Lj 

d)U tdJLJJJ)) .iiCbJl ojSlI 0JL4J S^iU- ^Ub- 

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j5 j^o ^ ^Jl oNUajNI olij c->Lo jJLSI o^Jx^Jl A-w<JUJl ^5 

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iJb«Jl LjlJLwI J — £Jl ^pUaiSVl j t5 J^Luaj'yi ^aJI Ljjli 

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Edward W. Said, «Representing the Colonized: Anthropology's (75) 
Interlocutors,» Critical Inquiry , vol. 15, no. 2 (1989), pp, 222-223. 

Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism , (76) 
p. 44. 


341 


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j--. ^jSfl j j y^\ J? iS^p-li-Jl aJL-J^I 

J\ gjUu (80) «v-JbJl oUjiMl ^ «U^J» c~iA> o! LjJ 

jjJlj- _^L«Jl JLwIjJIj 

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jj jl ^s- ^)L> t 4^ -11 ^ tx* ' J-> a U-*^ 

.U*JLpN v-LJI iJUiJl Jlp l>b M d ^*4 ak- J5 ^ 


Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Knopf, 1993), p. 6. (77) 

.8 t 4 *«ji3 jXsdll (78) 

.259 ^ jJU^ll (79) 

Stuart Hall, «The Local and the Global: Globalisation and Ethnicity, » (80) 
in: Anne McClintock, Amir Mufti and Ella Shohat, eds., Dangerous Liaisons: 
Gender, Nation, and Postcolonial Perspectives (Minneapolis: University of 
Minnesota Press, 1997), p. 174, and Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: 
Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 

1996), p. 279. 


342 



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JS3 SjpLiJI ii^UJl Ji tlWty Wj*. ju,U jZ, <J (82) «a-~jUI 

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^LL!i 1 Loj-p Ijj^j ^^UJl Jl L Ju 4-s^L>sJi 


Jameson, Postmodernism , or, 77ie Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism , (81) 
p. 17. 

Anne Friedberg, «Mutual Indifference: Feminism and Postmodemism,» (82) 
Unpublished Manuscript, 1988, p. 130. 

Anne Friedberg, «Les Flaneurs du mal (1): Cinema and the (83) 
Postmodern Conditions PMLA , vol. 106, no. 3 (1991), p. 427. 

.427 ^ t <~Ju all (84) 


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j\ A jji\ J\ lit C>JL Sfl t^^UJl J SUJ>U 


John Frow, «Tourism and the Semiotics of Nostalgias October, vol. 57 (85) 
(Summer 1991), p. 135, and Simon During, «Postmodernism or Post-Colonialism 
Today, » Textual Practice , vol. 1, no. 1 (1987), pp. 32-35. 

Fredric Jameson, Marxism and Form; Twentieth-Century Dialectical (86) 
Theories of Literature (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), p. 38. 

Michael Berube, «Just the Fax, Ma’am, or, Postmodernism Journey to (87) 
Decenter, » Village Voice (October 1991), p. 14. 


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David Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country (Cambridge; New (88) 
York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p.p. 394-396. 


345 




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Pamela Robertson, «What Makes the Feminist Camp?» in: Fabio (89) 

Cleto, ed., Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject: A Reader (Ann 
Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), p. 267. 

Fabio Cleto, ed. «Introduction: Queering the Camp,» in: Fabio Cleto., (90) 
ed., Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject: A Reader (Ann Arbor: 

University of Michigan Press, 1999), p. 304. 

Andrew Ross, ed., «Uses of Camp,» in: Andrew Ross, ed., No Respect: (91) 
Intellectuals and Popular Culture (London; New York: Routledge, 1989). 


346 



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Doan, «Preface,» p. 11. (92) 

Gregory W. Bredbeck, «The New Queer Narrative: Intervention and (93) 
Critique,» Textual Practice , vol. 9, no. 3 (Winter 1995), p. 478. 


347 



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Eric Savoy, «You can’t go Homo again: Queer j t474 ^ <.<*16 >Uall (94) 
Theory and the Foreclosure of Gay Studies,» English Studies in Canada (1995). 
Cleto, Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject: A Reader , (95) 
p. 14. 

Robert K. Martin and George Piggford: «Introduction,» in: Robert K. (96) 
Martin and George Piggford: Queer Forster (Chicago: University of Chicago 
Press, 1997), pp. 1-28. 

Cleto, Ibid., p. 15. (97) 



348 



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Jj«jL« jljLJlJ ^ JjtiJl 1 _ # Jlp JuJL?- JLj^U *-a i Critic) (1983) 
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Jane Tompkins, Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American (98) 
Fiction 1790-1860 (New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 14. 


349 



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J ;; ^ ^^JLp {Tristram Shandy) j t ^Xij 

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Linda Hutcheon: A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth- (99) 
Century Art Forms (London; New York: Methuen, 1985), pp. 84-99, and Irony’s 
Edge: The Theory and Politics of Irony (London; New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 
116-140. 


350 



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. (100) «kJI oJuxj JJ^DI 

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(7%<? Politics of Postmodernism: History, ^1^5 y y 1 £*j 
jb4 y U t y$j y5l Ju^aii; ^ jjl IJLa eJilj Theory, Fiction) 
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Jl (Interactive) L# y iipLiuJlj wJl 

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Roland Barthes, Mythologies , Translated by Annette Lavers (London: (100) 
Granada, 1973), p. 112. 

Arthur Kroker, The Possessed Individual: Technology and (101) 

Postmodernity (London: Macmillan, 1992), and Henry S. Kariel, The Desperate 
Politics of Postmodernism (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989). 


351 


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11^ --U dUiij 4 aJUJ SJbJOr U^U Postmodernism) 

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Jaishree K. Odin, «The Edge of Difference: Negotiations Between the (102) 
Hypertextual and the Postcolonial,» Modern Fiction Studies , vol. 43, no. 3 (1997), 

p. 599. 


352 



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I£si4 J>^ <-J>&\ ij £-rlr«-" <^i 5jLi)ll *lil >-9^ 

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SiJUt HsiLtf JlSwl 

* 

I J " V ^ "j A^jIaX^vil JmU 

Jencks 1977, 1980a, 1980b, 1982, 1992, 1996; Portoghesi 1974, 
1982, 1983; Mcleod 1985; Stem 1980; Lerup 1987; Brolin 
1976; D. Davis 1987; M. Davis 1985; Jameson 1985; Tafuri 
1980; Kolb 1990. 

; Ja»U 

Creed 1985; Caroll 1985; Brooker and Brooker 1997; Friedberg 
1991, 1993; Zizek 1991, 1992; most issues of Screen. 

: U\ i*2)\ j AjitJbJl -UiL* 

McHale 1987; Hutcheon 1988; McCaffery 1986a, 1986b; Newman 
1985; Klinkowitz 1985, 1986; Thiher 1984; Stevick 1981, 
1985; Mellard 1980; Tanner 1971; Bradbury 1983; Lodge 
1977; Ebert 1980; Lauzen 1986; Lee 1988; Malnigren 1985; 
Porush 1985; Wilde 1981, 1987; Zimmerman 1986; Bertens 
and Fokkema 1997; Beverley et al. 1995; Smythe 1991. 


353 



Rawson 1986; Altieri 1973, 1984; Davidson 1975; Perloff 1985; 
Moramarco 1986; Russell 1985. 


Grossberg 1987; Roberts 1987 Eco 1984; Baudrillard 1983; Kaplan 
1987; Brooker and Brooker 1997. 

Abbas 1984; Crimp 1979, 1980, 1983, 1987; Starenko 1983; 
Thornton 1979; Andre 1984; Barber 1983/4; Bellavance 
1986; Corrigan 1985; Goldberg 1988; Graham 1985; Mulvey 
1986; Phillips 1987; Sekula 1982; Solomon-Godeau 1984a, 
1984b; Burgin 1982b, 1986a, 1986b; Tagg 1982; Wollen 1978/ 
9; Ferguson et al. 1990. 

Hutcheon 2000; Kramer 1995; Lindenberger 1989; Lipsitz 1994; 
McClary 2000; Nehring 1997. 

JLiulil * ^a< JJ iaU’ oU-IjA 

: ^ J 

^ 4 * 

D. Davis 1977, 1980; Owens 1982; Crimp 1980, 1983, 1993; 
Buchloh 1984; James 1985; Jameson 1986/7; Kibbins 1983; 
Krauss 1979, 1985, 1987; Kuspit 1984, 2000; Lippard 1976; 
Paoletti 1985; Ferguson et al. 1990; Mirzoeff 1995. 


: Jusdl j *— jjSII J? 

Arac 1987; Paterson 1986; Kohler 1977; Hassan 1971, 1975, 1980a, 
1980b, 1982, 1986, 1987; Hoffmann et al. 1977; Graff 1973, 
1979, 1981; Bertens 1986; Huyssen 1986; Calinescu 1987; 


354 


Hutcheon 1988; Russell 1985; Huyssen 1986; Auslander 1997; 
Birringer 1991; Kaye 1994; Smythe 1991; perloff 1989. 

iiiUiJlj i-pUi>-Vl oLI jjdl i 

Palmer 1977; Lyotard 1984a, 1984b, 1986, 1993a, 1993b, 1997; 
Habermas 1983, 1985a, 1985b; Baudrillard 1983, 1990, 1993, 
1999; Kroker and Cook 1986; Bell 1973, 1976; Russell 1985; 
Benhabib 1984; Trachtenberg 1985; Bauman 1987, 1991, 
1993, 1995; Bennett 1987; Collins 1987; Davidson 1975; 
Jameson 1983, 1984a, 1984c, 1990, 1991; Kramer 1982; 
Muller 1979; Owens 1980a, 1980b, 1983, 1984; Foster 1983, 
1985; Polkinhorn 1987; Rad-hakrishnan 1986; Sc hmi dt 1986; 
Wellbery 1985; Haraway 1991; Docherty 1990; Heller 1993; 
Heller and Feher 1988; Laclau 1988; Harvey 1989; Poster 
1997; White 1991; Duzinas Goodrich and Hachamovitch 
1994; Litowitz 1997; Ward 1997; Simons and Billig 1994; Lee 
1991. 


SitiiM, ^>1 J 

Bignell 2000; Collins 1989, 1995; Docker 1994; Featherstone 1991; 
Brooker and Brooker 1997; Lipsitz 1994; Nehring 1997; 
Potter 1995; Ross 1989a. 


: h jilJbJI j jouUI J j>. 

Eagleton 1985; Jameson 1984a; Foster 1985; Huyssen 1986; 
Greenberg 1980; Latimer 1984; Laffey 1987; Silliman 1987; 
Calinescu 1977: 120 - 44; Wilde 1981, 1987; Burger 1987; 
Garvin 1980; Giddens 1981; Hayman 1978; Malmgren 1987; 
Nagele 1980/1; Raulet 1984; Rowe 1987; Russell 1982; 
Scherpe 1986/7; Wellmer 1985; Wolin 1985; Gaggi 1989; 
Cahoone 1996; Auslander 1997; Waugh 1992b. 

sjU£ oL«Ja« 

Adam and Tiffin 1990; Amiran and Unsworth 1993; Appignanesi 
1995; Bertens 1995; Bove 1995; Cahoone 1996; Carmichael 
and Lee 2000; Connor 1989; Doan 1994; Docherty 1993; 
Ferguson and Wicke 1994; Gale 1996; Geddes 2001; Grenz 


355 


1996; Jencks 1992; Jenkins 1997; Leitch 1996; Linn 1996; 
Malpas 2001a; Marshall 1992; McGowan 1991; Morawski 
1996- Natoli 1997; Natoli and Hutcheon 1993; Nicholson 
1990- Perloff 1989; Rose 1991; Ross 1988; Sarup 1996; 
Schiralli 1999; Silverman 1990; Sim 1998, 1999; Waugh 
1992a; wheale 1995; Zurbrugg 1993. 


356 



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.^'Ll^ y y y (Historicism) £_LJ' -^J 

(Property, <lLSLL«JI £jj 5jL-j>Jl : (Possession) 

j _^LaJl ^ L ^iyJ> jb\ i-5LUl je I 4 JI y* Ownership) 

•* ** 

(. £*-J! J^>- JlL« t J( j -*-**- 0 ^ 

jSUJU 1 <LJ ^JIaSI ( 3 j-a 3 *^ dill) ili l)U-*j^J £* .* ~*> 
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\ j^aijj oUJlj oL^ J-jJ fj* 

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J_»L>»; ^jJl ^jlJlLJI b^Jc ^Js- (Jj 

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y> jS iJ ^ jj>-b sr ; '-JJ J-*J (Tristan Tzara) ljl~J 

. ., _ - ■ ' yj (Marcel Duchamp) jLijj ^ ; ■* ••»' 

jJj _^JI JJ > UL5 ^JLUI (Francis Picabia) 


358 



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(Sex) ^1 LfcSj ^jJLp jujlpI s^l jk-s-s^ij 

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365 




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400 



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